Assessment, Statistics, and Research

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The information about scales and measures is provided for clinicians and researchers based on professional publications. The links to authors, materials, and references can change. You may be able to locate details by contacting the main author of the original article or another author on the article list.

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God Image Scales (GIS)

Assessment name: The God Image Scales (GIS)

Scale overview: The God Image Scales (GIS) are a collection of six scales in a 72-item format.

Author: Richard T. Lawrence

Response Type: Items are rated on a 4-point Likert-type scale of agreement.

Six Scales

Lawrence grouped the 72 items into six subscales listed below. The number following the scale is the Cronbach’s alpha value from Lawrence (1997).

Presence .95

Challenge .81

Acceptance .83

Benevolence .84

Influence .89

Providence .89

Reliability:

The Cronbach’s alpha values follow the scale name in the list of six scales.

Validity:

Based on Lawrence (1997), factor analysis revealed overlap among the six scales. All six scales were positively correlated with a measure of intrinsic religious orientation ranging from .56 for Benevolence to .82 for Presence. The correlations with church attendance were also positive and ranged from .36 to .54.

Availability:

The full set of 72 items can be found in Lawrence (1997).

Reference for the scale

Lawrence, R. T. (1997). Measuring the image of God: The God Image Inventory and the God Image Scales. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 25(2), 214–226.

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Reference for clinicians on understanding assessment

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Resource Link: A – Z Test Index

NOTICE:

Links to Connections

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Wednesday, September 7, 2022

Attitudes and Experiences of Evangelical Christians with Mental Distress

Scale name: Attitudes and Experiences of Evangelical Christians with Mental Distress

Scale overview: Lloyd and Waller (2020) used nine items to assess the relationship of spiritual etiology to mental distress in a British sample (n = 446).

Response Type and items:

The 9-questions were organized into three groups. Respondents were presented with different response options depending on the question.

1. Spiritualization of Mental Distress 1-4

Example: Has your current or previous church or related teaching taught that mental distress was the result of demons, spirits or generational curses? Response options were yes, no, or unsure.

2. Views on secular/psychological treatments 5 – 7.

Example: 5. Do you believe psychological treatments, such as therapy, can be successful in treating mental distress? Response options were yes, no, or unsure. Questions 6-7 asked about church support.

3. Interaction with the Church community 8-9

Example: Overall, how do you feel about your church’s attitude towards mental distress? This was rated on a 5-point scale of very positive to very negative. The next items asked, “How has your interaction with the church, in relation to your mental health, affected your faith?” Response options were Strengthened it, Not impacted it, or Weakened it.

The researchers also asked about the cause of mental distress. Respondents had five options. Examples include traumatic or negative life experiences and Other spiritual causes (generational curses, demonic, the occult, etc.)

Results

The researchers reported the percentage of responses endorsed in two tables and provided a summary in the text. In the discussion, they note differences with similar surveys in the United States

Availability:

The questions can be found in the article below. The 9-questions are in Table 1 along with the answers.

Reference for the scale

Christopher E. M. Lloyd & Robert M. Waller (2020): Demon? Disorder? Or none of the above? A survey of the attitudes and experiences of evangelical Christians with mental distress, Mental Health, Religion & Culture, DOI: 10.1080/13674676.2019.1675148

Pdf found on Researchgate 7 September 2022

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Reference for clinicians on understanding assessment

Buy Applied Statistics for Counselors

Resource Link: A – Z Test Index

NOTICE:

Links to Connections

Checkout My Website www.suttong.com

See my Books

FOLLOW me on

FACEBOOK Geoff W. Sutton

TWITTER @Geoff.W.Sutton

PINTEREST www.pinterest.com/GeoffWSutton

Read published articles:

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ResearchGate Geoffrey W Sutton

Monday, April 25, 2022

Spiritual Assessment & Counseling Trauma Survivors

Completing a set of scales is not always the best way to assess spirituality at the beginning of psychotherapy. Nevertheless, I agree with others (e.g., Richards, et al., 2015; Worthington et al., 1996) that the assessment of spirituality is important to counseling and psychotherapy because so many people report that their faith is important to them and many prefer to receive psychotherapy from someone who shares their faith or at least respects their faith.

The assessment of spirituality in the context of psychotherapy should also be in the context of other assessment such as within the SCOPES model where spirituality, if important to a patient, is usually a part of the self-identity and interconnected with their emotions, thoughts, social relationships, and personality (See the SCOPES model for details).

In this post, I will review suggestions from Richards et al. (2015) and include a link to other posts containing measures from which clinicians can draw questions to use in clinical work or practice-based assessment.

Early questions to ask (pp. 82-83)

“Is religion or spirituality important in your life?”

“Do you wish to discuss religious or spiritual issues during counseling?”

“Are you aware of any religious or spiritual resources in your life that could be used to help you?”

“How do you think your spirituality can help you in your therapy goals?”

Trauma related questions p. 83

The authors suggest additional questions related to the presenting trauma. The questions are adapted by the clinician to fit with the patient's narrative of the traumatic experience.

“How do you feel this traumatic experience has affected your spiritual and religious life?”

“Did this trauma cause any spiritual damage in your life?”

“Has this trauma caused any confusion, questions, or changes in your religious or spiritual beliefs?”

“What kind of spiritual needs do you have now in the aftermath of this trauma?”

How spirituality helps p. 84

Richards et al. remind readers that trauma does not always weaken faith. Spirituality can be helpful. Here are some related questions.

“What are some of your spiritual strengths that you still have, even after this traumatic experience?”

“In what ways has your religious community and/or your spiritual beliefs helped you cope with the trauma you have experienced?”

“What are some of the spiritual resources in your life that can help you recover?”

Cite this post:

Sutton, G. W. (2022, April 25). Spiritual assessment & counseling trauma survivors. Statistics. SuttonG. Retrieved from https://statistics.suttong.com/2022/04/spiritual-assessment-counseling-trauma.html

Link to Spirituality Questionnaires

References

Richards, P. S., Hardman, R. K., Lea, T., & Berrett, M. E. (2015). Religious and spiritual assessment of trauma survivors. In Spiritually oriented psychotherapy for trauma. (pp. 77–102). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/14500-005

Book Link https://amzn.to/3KdgaA3

Worthington, E. L. Jr., Kurusu, T. A., McCullough, M. E., & Sanders, S. J. (1996). Empirical research on religion and psychotherapeutic processes and outcomes: A ten-year review and research prospectus. Psychological Bulletin, 119, 448–487. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.119.3.448

Related book by Psychologist Jamie Aten

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Saturday, April 2, 2022

Measure of Atheist Discrimination Experiences

Scale name: Measure of Atheist Discrimination Experiences

Scale overview:

The 24-item Measure of Atheist Discrimination Experiences (MADE) was designed to evaluate the stress experiences of people who identify as atheists using a 6-point rating scale.

Authors: Brewster, M. E., Hammer, J., Sawyer, J. S., Eklund, A., & Palamar, J.

Response Type: 6-point Likert-type; 1 = never, 6 = almost all of the time

Subscales: There are five factors

Immoral

Bringing Shame

Asked to Pass

Overt Maltreatment

Social Ostracism

Sample items

Immoral - I have been told that, as an atheist, I cannot be a moral person.

Bringing Shame - I have been told that I am selfish because I am atheist.

Asked to Pass - I have been asked to go along with religious traditions to avoid “stirring up trouble.”

Overt Maltreatment - People have denied me services because of my atheism.

Social Ostracism - Because of my atheism, others have avoided me.

Reliability: The 2016 article includes Cronbach’s alphas of .94 and .95

Validity: The 2016 article contains findings of a factor analysis and convergent validity.

Availability:

See the PsycTESTS reference below for a copy of the scale.

See also the article available in the journal reference and on ResearchGate

Permissions -- if identified

Contact the correspondence author: Melanie E. Brewster melanie.brewster@tc.columbia.edu

References:

Brewster, M. E., Hammer, J., Sawyer, J. S., Eklund, A., & Palamar, J. (2016). Measure of Atheist Discrimination Experiences [Database record]. Retrieved from PsycTESTS. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/t58211-000

Brewster, Melanie E., Hammer, Joseph, Sawyer, Jacob S., Eklund, Austin, & Palamar, Joseph. (2016). Perceived experiences of atheist discrimination: Instrument development and evaluation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, Vol 63(5), 557-570. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/cou0000156

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Reference for clinicians on understanding assessment

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Resource Link: A – Z Test Index

Links to Connections

Checkout My Website www.suttong.com

See my Books

FOLLOW me on

FACEBOOK Geoff W. Sutton

TWITTER @Geoff.W.Sutton

PINTEREST www.pinterest.com/GeoffWSutton

Read published articles:

Academia Geoff W Sutton

ResearchGate Geoffrey W Sutton

Tuesday, March 8, 2022

Partner-Focused Prayer Measure

Scale name: Partner-Focused Prayer Measure

Scale overview: The Partner-Focused Prayer Measure is a 4-item, 5-point rating scale evaluating the frequency of prayer for one’s partner as a part of a study relating partner prayer to infidelity.

Authors: Frank D. Fincham and Nathaniel M. Lambert, The Florida State University, Steven R. H. Beach, University of Georgia

Response Type: The Partner-Focused Prayer Measure uses a 5 point scale ranging from 1 (never) to 5 (very frequently).

Sample items:

3. I ask God to watch over my partner.

4. I pray for my partner to reach his/her goals

Reliability: Alpha = .96.

Validity: The content of the scale appears to accomplish its purpose and it was useful in the study.

Availability: The full set of 4 items is on page 2 of the PsycTESTS entry.

Permissions

Test content may be reproduced and used for non-commercial research and educational purposes without seeking written permission. Distribution must be controlled, meaning only to the participants engaged in the research or enrolled in the educational activity. Any other type of reproduction or distribution of test content is not authorized without written permission from the author and publisher. Always include a credit line that contains the source citation and copyright owner when writing about or using any test. (PsycTESTS, 2010, p.1)

Comment

The researchers found evidence supporting the value of prayer in romantic relationships. Here's a quote from the 2010 discussion section:

"The current series of studies provides evidence that prayer focused on requesting beneficial outcomes (blessings) for the partner is associated with decreased propensity to transgress against the partner by engaging in extradyadic romantic behavior"

Clinicians may find the items useful in couples counseling with couples who pray.

References

Fincham, F. D., Lambert, N. M., & Beach, S. R. H. (2010). Partner-Focused Prayer Measure [Database record]. Retrieved from PsycTESTS. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/t43165-000

Fincham, Frank D., Lambert, Nathaniel M., & Beach, Steven R. H. (2010). Faith and unfaithfulness: Can praying for your partner reduce infidelity? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,99(4), 649-659. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0019628

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