Assessment, Statistics, and Research

In psychological statistics, the mode refers to the value that appears most frequently in a data set. It's a measure of central tendency, like the mean and median, but it highlights the most common value(s) instead. Examples: Suppose you have a data set representing the number of hours students study per week: 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 3, 2. In this case, the mode is 3 because it appears more frequently than any other value. Let's say you're analyzing survey responses on a Likert scale where participants rate their satisfaction from 1 to 5: 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5. Here, the mode is 4, as it is the most common response. Mode, Median, and Mean The mode, median, and mean are all measures of central tendency, but each one provides different insights into a data set: Mode : The value that appears most frequently in a data set. It highlights the most common observation. For example, in the data set 2 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 5      the mode is 4. Median : The middle value in a data set when ...

Prayers 2025 Geoffrey W Sutton & Artspace.ai Assessment name: Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale- 5-Item (RSS-5) Scale overview: The five-item version of the Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale (RSS-5) is a reliable measure of clinically relevant struggles (divine, interpersonal, moral, doubt, ultimate meaning struggles) in mental health care settings.   Authors: Sarah G. Salcone, Julie J. Exline, Kenneth I. Pargament, Joseph M. Currier, Ryon C. McDermott, Don E. Davis, Amanda M. Raines, Yejin Lee· Cite this post Sutton, G.W. (2025). Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale- 5-Item (RSS-5). Assessment, Statistics, and Research .  https://statistics.suttong.com/2025/03/religious-and-spiritual-struggles-scale.html Response Type: Participants rated each item on a scale of occurrence from 1 = Not at all to 5 = A great deal.  Scale items: There are five items–one from each of the five subscales of the long RSS scale.    Example Questioned whe...

Counseling 2025 by Geoffrey W Sutton and artspace.ai Assessment name: Cultural Humility Scale Short Form Scale overview: The Cultural Humility Scale Short Form (CHS-SF) has two 3-item subscales (positive/negative cultural humility) developed for clinical practice. In two studies, the authors provided evidence for strong internal consistency, supportive construct and discriminant validity. Authors : Coleman, J. J., Grajzel, K., Dong, Y., Davis, D. E., DeBlaere, C., Hook, J. N., & Owen, J. Response Type: Participants rate the Cultural Humility Scale Short Form on a five-point scale of agreement from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Scale items:    There are three positive and three negative items.     The instructions read:    [Regarding the core aspect(s) of my cultural background, my counselor…]    A positive item: Is considerate    A negative item: Makes assumptions about me. Psychometric properties: See the included tables...

Assessment name: Dominance an IPIP scale Scale overview: T he dominance scale is one of 33 preliminary IPIP scales purported to measure a similar construct on Gough’s California Psychological Inventory. Authors : See the reference link below. Response Type: A suggested response type is to instruct participants to rate items on a degree of how accurate the item describes themselves. Following is a quote between the hyphen lines from the IPIP website. ------ How Accurately Can You Describe Yourself? Describe yourself as you generally are now, not as you wish to be in the future. Describe yourself as you honestly see yourself, in relation to other people you know of the same sex as you are, and roughly your same age. So that you can describe yourself in an honest manner, your responses will be kept in absolute confidence. Indicate for each statement whether it is 1. Very Inaccurate, 2. Moderately Inaccurate, 3. Neither Accurate Nor Inaccurate, 4. Moderately Accurate, or 5. Very Accurate a...

Christian-Secular Culture 2025 Assessment name: Cultural Christian: A Qualitative Questionnaire (CCQC) Scale overview: The Cultural Christian: A Qualitative Questionnaire (CCQC) consists of a set of questions designed to identify how closely an interviewee aligns with the characteristics of a cultural Christian, as opposed to someone who actively adheres to the core tenets of Christianity and participates in a recognized Christian denomination or group. Author : Geoffrey W. Sutton Response Type: Open-ended questions. SCALE ITEMS The following questions can aid in interviews and research on Christian types. Clinicians and researchers can adjust these questions based on their needs. The answers can help differentiate between cultural Christians and those deeply committed to core Christian beliefs and active in a Christian community. [Read more about Cultural Christianity at https://suttonpsychology.blogspot.com/2025/01/cultural-christian-psychology-of.html ] QUESTIONS 1. What Christian...