Penn Inventory of Scrupulosity (PIOS)

Assessment name:  Penn Inventory of Scrupulosity (PIOS)

Scale overview: The Penn Inventory of Scrupulosity (PIOS) is a 19-item self-report measure of religious obsessive-compulsive symptoms. The 2007 revision has 15 items.

The authors, some of whom had clinical experience with OCD, suggest the PIOS is useful for research and clinical practice.

Authors:

Abramowitz and other- See the 2002 reference below.

For the 15-item revision, see Olatunji et al. (2007).

 

Response Type: Items are rated on a scale of symptom frequency from 0 = never to 4 = constantly.

Scale items

In religious participants, the PIOS has yielded two factors: Fear of God and Fear of Sin. The items refer to worries about unacceptable thoughts and actions from God’s perspective and other items refer to worries about immoral thoughts and behavior without mentioning God.

 

Psychometric properties

The authors reported strong values for internal consistency. Factor analysis revealed two factors. Correlational analyses with other measures provided evidence of convergent and divergent validity.

Olatunji et al. (2007) used the revised PIOS and reported moderate positive correlations with several measures including the Obsessive-Compulsive-Inventory-Revised, and both the state and trait Anxiety Scales.

Note

In psychology, scrupulosity refer to a type of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. The obsessions are religious or moral thoughts that evoke anxiety and lead to compulsive thought and actions to reduce the anxiety.

Availability:

In 2023, this link provided a word document for the 15-item PIOS-R

https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=465aff734dfe7169JmltdHM9MTY3ODE0NzIwMCZpZ3VpZD0zZjQ4NGFjNC1iZGE0LTZmNWUtMzFiNC01ODA5YmMyMjZlNmEmaW5zaWQ9NTE5Nw&ptn=3&hsh=3&fclid=3f484ac4-bda4-6f5e-31b4-5809bc226e6a&psq=pios-r+word+coument&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lYXJsYXR2YW5kZXJiaWx0LmZpbGVzLndvcmRwcmVzcy5jb20vMjAxNy8wMS9waW9zLXIuZG9j&ntb=1

 Related Scale

Perceived Perfectionism from God Scale (PPGS)

References for the scale

Abramowitz, J. S., Huppert, J. D., Cohen, A. B., Tolin, D. F., & Cahill, S. P. (2002). Religious obsessions and compulsions in a non-clinical sample: the Penn Inventory of Scrupulosity (PIOS). Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 825–838.

Olatunji BO, Abramowitz JS, Williams NL, Connolly KM, Lohr JM. Scrupulosity and obsessive-compulsive symptoms: confirmatory factor analysis and validity of the Penn Inventory of Scrupulosity. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 2007, 21(6), 771-87. doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2006.12.002.

Phillips, A., & Fisak, B. (2022). An examination of the factor structure of the Penn Inventory of Scrupulosity-Revised (PIOS-R) in atheist and Christian samples. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 14(2), 222–228. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000322

 

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Resource Link:  A – Z Test Index

 

 

 

NOTICE:

The information about scales and measures is provided for clinicians and researchers based on professional publications. The links to authors, materials, and references can change. You may be able to locate details by contacting the main author of the original article or another author on the article list.

 

Post Author

 

Geoffrey W. Sutton PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology who publishes book and articles about clinical and social psychology including the psychology of religion. Website:     www.suttong.com

  

Books available on   AMAZON       and the   GOOGLE STORE

 

Connections

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Perceived Perfectionism from God Scale (PPGS)

 

Perfectionism image created by G Sutton 2023

Assessment name:  Perceived Perfectionism from God Scale (PPGS)

Scale overview: The Perceived Perfectionism from God Scale (PPGS) is a 10-item self-report measure of perfectionism, which is associated with a person's perceptions of God’s standards and expectations.

Authors: Kenneth T. Wang, G. E. Kawika Allen, Hannah I. Stokes, Han Na Suh

      Read more about the psychology of perfectionism.

Response Type: The 10 PPGS items are rated on a 7-point scale of agreement from 1 = strongly disagree to 7 = strongly agree.

Scale items

There are two factors or subscales each having five items.

The Perceived Discrepancy from God subscale examines perceived discrepancies between a person’s behavior and God’s standards.

The Perceived Standards from God subscale examines perceptions of God’s expectations for a person’s behavior.

Psychometric properties

The authors provide means and standard deviations, coefficient alpha values, the results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and evidence for concurrent validity with related measures in Wang et al. (2018).

Other measures included in the validity study were:

Short Almost Perfect Scale

Religious Commitment Inventory-10

Graceful Avoidance of Personal Legalism

Penn Inventory of Scrupulosity

Satisfaction with Life Scale

State Shame and Guilt Scale

Positive and Negative Affect Schedule

 

Availability:

The full text of the items can be found in Wang et al. (2018).

 

Reference for the scale

Wang, K. T., Allen, G. E. K., Stokes, H. I., & Suh, H. N. (2018). Perceived Perfectionism from God Scale: Development and initial evidence. Journal of Religion and Health, 57(6), 2207–2223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-017-0405-1

 

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Reference for clinicians on understanding assessment

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Resource Link:  A – Z Test Index

 

NOTICE:

The information about scales and measures is provided for clinicians and researchers based on professional publications. The links to authors, materials, and references can change. You may be able to locate details by contacting the main author of the original article or another author on the article list.

 

Post Author

 

Geoffrey W. Sutton PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology who publishes book and articles about clinical and social psychology including the psychology of religion. Website:     www.suttong.com

  

Books available on   AMAZON       and the   GOOGLE STORE

 

Connections

   FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton  

  

   TWITTER  @Geoff.W.Sutton

 

   PINTEREST  www.pinterest.com/GeoffWSutton

 

Read many published articles and book samples on:

 

  Academia   Geoff W Sutton   

 

  ResearchGate   Geoffrey W Sutton 

 

 

 

 

Dimensions of Grace Scale

 

Assessment name:  DIMENSIONS OF GRACE SCALE:

Scale overview: The Dimensions of Grace Scale is a 36-item multidimensional self-report assessment of grace measured on a scale of agreement.

 

Authors: Bufford, Sisemore, and Blackburn

 

Response Type: Items are rated on a scale of agreement from 1 = Strongly Disagree to 7 = Strongly Agree.

Subscales (5 dimensions)

God’s grace

Costly grace

Grace to self

Grace from others

Grace to others

 

Psychometric properties

Bufford et al. (2021) reported a history of alpha coefficients ranging from 0.654 to 0.824 across the five dimensions.

Moderate positive correlations to strong correlations were found between the following Grace dimensions and Big Five Domains and Intrinsic Religiosity as follows:

God’s grace and Openness, and Agreeableness as well as with the Intrinsic Religiosity.

Costly grace and Agreeableness and Intrinsic Religiosity

Grace from others and Intrinsic Religiosity

Grace to Others and Agreeableness and Intrinsic Religiosity

Negative correlations were found between all grace dimensions except Grace from others and the Big Five Neuroticism Domain.

 

Availability:

The full set of 36 items can be found in Bufford et al. (2017).

Lead author, Rodger Bufford is a professor at George Fox University.

Reference for the scale

Bufford, R. K., Sisemore, T. A. & Blackburn, A. M. (2017), Dimensions of Grace: Factor Analysis of Three Grace Scales. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 9, 56-69.

Bufford, Rodger K.; Beard, Javeen; Flores, Melissa; Price, Lindsay; and Hodge, Adam, "Dimensions of Grace Scale: Concurrent Validation" (2021). Faculty Publications - Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) Program. 343.  Retrieved from "Dimensions of Grace Scale: Concurrent Validation" by Rodger K. Bufford, Javeen Beard et al. (georgefox.edu)

 

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Resource Links:

Find more tests and measures at   A – Z Test Index

Find more measures of Religion and Spirituality at     Spiritual Assessment Index

 A book about grace-

Sin and Grace in Christian Counseling by Mark R. McMinn

 

NOTICE:

The information about scales and measures is provided for clinicians and researchers based on professional publications. The links to authors, materials, and references can change. You may be able to locate details by contacting the main author of the original article or another author on the article list.

 

Post Author

 

Geoffrey W. Sutton PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology who publishes book and articles about clinical and social psychology including the psychology of religion. Website:     www.suttong.com

  

Books available on   AMAZON       and the   GOOGLE STORE

 

Connections

   FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton  

  

   TWITTER  @Geoff.W.Sutton

 

   PINTEREST  www.pinterest.com/GeoffWSutton

 

Read many published articles and book samples on:

 

  Academia   Geoff W Sutton   

 

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Ironson-Woods Spirituality/ Religiousness Index (IWSRI)

 

Assessment name:  Ironson-Woods Spirituality/ Religiousness Index (IWSRI)

Scale overview: The Ironson-Woods Spirituality/ Religiousness Index (IWSRI) is a 22-item self-report measure measuring two dimensions of spirituality and two dimensions of religiousness (Ironson et al., 2002).

 

Authors: Gail Ironson, Teresa Woods

 

Response Type: Items are rated on a scale of agreement from 1 to 5.

Scale items

The 22 items were associated with four factors. The items measure a diverse range of beliefs about God, life, and health as well as religious behavior such as attendance at services and participation in religious activities. Following are the factor names and association with spirituality or religiousness.

   Spirituality

Sense of Peace

Compassionate View of Others

   Religiousness

Faith in God

Religious Behavior

Psychometric properties

Ironson et al. (2002) provided values indicating adequate internal consistency and test-retest values supporting reliability of the scores in their study. In addition, they provided evidence supporting adequate concurrent and discriminant validity.

Availability: The complete list of items may be found in Ironson et al. (2002).

Reference for the scale

Ironson G, Solomon GF, Balbin EG, O’Cleirigh C, George A, Kumar M, et al. (2002). The Ironson-Woods spirituality/religiousness index is associated with long survival, health behaviors, less distress and low cortisol in people with HIV/AIDS. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 24:34–38.

 

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 Reference for clinicians on understanding assessment

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 Resource Link:  A – Z Test Index

  

NOTICE:

The information about scales and measures is provided for clinicians and researchers based on professional publications. The links to authors, materials, and references can change. You may be able to locate details by contacting the main author of the original article or another author on the article list.

 Photo credit- Bing search "Free to share and use"

Post Author

 

Geoffrey W. Sutton PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology who publishes book and articles about clinical and social psychology including the psychology of religion. Website:     www.suttong.com

  

Books available on   AMAZON       and the   GOOGLE STORE

 

Connections

   FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton  

  

   TWITTER  @Geoff.W.Sutton

 

   PINTEREST  www.pinterest.com/GeoffWSutton

 

Read many published articles and book samples on:

 

  Academia   Geoff W Sutton   

 

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IQ & the International Cognitive Ability Resource Sample Test

 

Assessment name:  International Cognitive Ability Resource Sample Test (ICAR)

Scale overview: The International Cognitive Ability Resource Sample Test (ICAR-16) is a 16-item assessment of cognitive ability in four domains.

Authors: David Condon and William Revelle

 

Response Type: Items are rated on a scale of agreement from

Scale items

International Cognitive Ability Resource scale items are protected but available to registered users. The 16-items version includes 4-items per cognitive domain. Following are the 4 domains.

LN – Letter number Series

MR – Matrix Reasoning

VR – Verbal Reasoning

R3D – three-dimensional reasoning

Psychometric properties

Merz et al. (2022) reported a normal distribution of International Cognitive Ability Resource scale scores and positive correlations with level of education, income, and a self-estimate of intelligence. There were no gender differences on the total score.

Lace and Evans (2021) found an inverse correlation between spirituality and intelligence using the ASPIRES-SF and the ICARS-16 (r = -0.22 for ASPIRES-SF-R and -0.11 for ASPIRES-SF-S).

Lace and Evans (2021) also reported mean IQ scores using ICAR-16 for religious and nonreligious adults. Those who identified as only religious obtained the lowest intelligence scores. The total ICAR-16 intelligence scores are reported by category identity below. See Table 2 in their article for score details.

Religious = 92.99

Spiritual = 99.37

Religious & Spiritual = 98.86

Not religious or spiritual = 103.73

The effect size comparing Religious and Not religious = .73

 Other data may be found in Condon and Revelle (2014), Revelle et al. (2020), and Dworak et al. (2021).

                       

Availability: The ICAR is available online at The Project - International Cognitive Ability Resource - The ICAR Project (icar-project.com)

References for the scale

Condon, D. M., & Revelle, W. (2014). The international cognitive ability resource: Development and ini[1]tial validation of a public-domain measure. Intelligence, 43, 52–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell. 2014.01.004

Dworak, E. M., Revelle, W., Doebler, P., & Condon, D. M. (2021). Using the International Cognitive Ability Resources as an open source tool to explore individual differences in cognitive ability. Peresonality and Individual Differences, 169(1), 109906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.109906

 

Lace, John W., and Luke N. Evans. 2022. “The Relationship between Religiousness/Spirituality and Psychometric Intelligence in the United States.” Journal of Religion and Health 61 (6): 4516–34. doi:10.1007/s10943-021-01394-4.

Merz, Z. C., Lace, J. W., & Eisenstein, A. M. (2020). Examining broad intellectual abilities obtained within an MTurk internet sample. Current Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi. org/10.1007/s12144-020-00741-0

Revelle, W., Dworak, E. M., & Condon, D. (2020). Cognitive ability in everyday life: The utility of open[1]source measures. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 29(4), 358–363. https://doi.org/10. 1177/0963721420922178

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Reference for clinicians on understanding assessment

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Link to ASPIRES-SF 

 

Resource Link for More Tests:  A – Z Test Index

 

 

 

NOTICE:

The information about scales and measures is provided for clinicians and researchers based on professional publications. The links to authors, materials, and references can change. You may be able to locate details by contacting the main author of the original article or another author on the article list.

 

Post Author

 

Geoffrey W. Sutton PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology who publishes book and articles about clinical and social psychology including the psychology of religion. Website:     www.suttong.com

  

Books available on   AMAZON       and the   GOOGLE STORE

 

Connections

   FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton  

  

   TWITTER  @Geoff.W.Sutton

 

   PINTEREST  www.pinterest.com/GeoffWSutton

 

Read many published articles and book samples on:

 

  Academia   Geoff W Sutton   

 

  ResearchGate   Geoffrey W Sutton