Assessment, Statistics, and Research

  A post hoc test is a statistical test used to determine if a pair of values are significantly different from each other after the primary analysis has been completed. Post Hoc Tests / Suttong.com AI Infographic The term post hoc is a Latin phrase meaning "after the event." A common use of post hoc tests is the comparison of group means following an F -test in an ANOVA has revealed significant differences among the groups. The reason to test for differences after an overall test like ANOVA is to reduce the risk of finding a significant difference by chance. That is, if researchers perform a large number of tests on a sample, they may find one or more tests yield significant results by chance. There are many post hoc tests. Following are some examples of tests that compare the means of two groups. Bonferroni Test This is a popular test. By dividing the significance level by the number of comparisons, the risk of finding a significant difference by chance is reduced. This proc...

  MANCOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Covariance). A statistical procedure for analyzing results when there are one or more independent variables , two or more dependent variables , and one or more covariates . Basic components of MANCOVA Independent or grouping Variable = 1 or more Dependent or criterion Variable = 2 or more Covariates = 1 or more Overall tests are used to determine significant effects or differences among the grouping variables. An F test indicates significance overall and for specific effects or relationships. A commonly reported measure of effect size is eta squared. A p value reveals the probability of a significant relationship-- one that is not due to chance factors. Applied Statistics Concepts for Counselors on  AMAZON  or  GOOGLE Creating Surveys on AMAZON    or   GOOGLE  Worldwide Links to Connections   Checkout My Website     www.suttong.com    See my Books      AMA...

  ANCOVA ANCOVA is a procedure like ANOVA except researchers can study the effects of one or more independent variables on a dependent variable after adjusting for other variables, called covariates , which were not a primary focus of the study. The letter C in ANCOVA stands for covariate . There can be several covariates in a study. In testing for differences among groups experiencing different leadership styles, we could study the effects on employee satisfaction after adjusting for a covariate of years of employment. A key word in ANCOVA studies is adjusting . Analysts adjust the scores based on information about the covariate before testing for significant differences. Basic features of an ANCOVA: Independent or grouping Variable = 1 or more Dependent or criterion Variable = 1 Covariates = 1 or more An  F  test indicates significance overall and for specific effects or relationships. A commonly reported measure of effect size is eta squared. A  p  valu...

ANOVA stands for Analysis of Variance. Although the term “variance” will be explained later, for now you can think of it simply as differences. ANOVA procedures examine differences in scores among groups of people who complete a test, survey, or any measurable task (Sutton, 2021, January 5). Cite this Post Sutton, G. W. (2021, January 5). ANOVA in counseling & psychology research. Assessment, Statistics, and Research .  https://statistics.suttong.com/2021/01/anova-in-counseling-psychology-research.html What's in this post? ANOVA defined What ANOVA does Types of ANOVA Understanding the F value When to use ANOVA A conceptual example A worked example A sample write-up A One-Way ANOVA Calculator ********** What ANOVA Does ANOVA evaluates whether group means differ more than we would expect by chance. For example, imagine a study examining the effects of three room temperatures on math performance: • Independent Variable (IV): Temperature ◦ Levels: 75°, 85°, 95° Fahrenheit •...

  MANOVA MANOVA is the abbreviation for Multivariate Analysis of Variance . The M stands for multivariate and refers to the presence of more than one dependent variable. A MANOVA may have one or more independent variables and two or more dependent variables. For example, we could examine the effects of different presenters and different forgiveness programs on forgiveness and compassion. Studies with three to four independent variables and three to four dependent variables can be difficult to interpret because many interactions are possible. Independent or grouping Variable = 1 or more Dependent or criterion Variable = 2 or more Overall tests are used to determine significant effects or differences among the grouping variables. An  F  test indicates significance overall and for specific effects or relationships. A commonly reported measure of effect size is eta squared. A  p  value reveals the probability of a significant relationship-- one that is not due t...