Leadership Restoration Scales

Measures of  Forgiveness and Restoration

Scale names: Leadership Restoration Scales

           Leadership Restoration Scale: Forgive and Restore (LRSF)

           Leadership Restoration Scale: Restoration (LRSR)

 Scales overview

Two short scales measure two dimensions of congregants views on restoring a religious leader to ministry. One scale includes forgiveness (LRSF) and a second scale focuses exclusively on degrees of restoration without mentioning forgiveness (LRSR).

Author(s)

Sutton and Jordan (2013).

Items

The LRSF is a 3-item scale of forgiveness and restoration

The LRSR is a 6-item scale of restoration

Response Type

A 7-point rating scale with anchors 1 = Very Strongly Agree and 7 = Very Strongly Disagree. See example below.

Sample items

The full scales can be found in Sutton and Jordan (2013) or can be downloaded here- see availability below.

LRSF Scale

2. The victim or victims offended by the person need to forgive the person before the person can be restored to any public ministry position.

Very Strongly Agree	Strongly Agree	Mostly Agree	Somewhat Agree	Somewhat Disagree	Strongly Disagree	Very Strongly Disagree
7	6	5	4	3	2	1

 

LRSR Scale

3. It is unlikely that this person could return to the same or similar public ministry position.

Very Strongly Agree	Strongly Agree	Mostly Agree	Somewhat Agree	Somewhat Disagree	Strongly Disagree	Very Strongly Disagree
7	6	5	4	3	2	1

 

Descriptive Statistics

These data are based on a sample of 169 people who reported knowing a member of the clergy who committed an offense (Sutton & Jordan, 2013). Skew and kurtosis were within normal limits for both measures.

LRSF M = 9.85, SD = 4.79

LRSR M = 17.96, SD = 6.61

Validity

The two LRS scales measure different responses to restoring a leader. Although they are not significantly related to each other (r = .40) they are differently related to other measures of forgiveness and spirituality. A statistically significant relationship was defined as p < .05.

LRSF was significantly positively correlated with TRIM-A (Transgression Related Interpersonal Motivations- Avoidance; McCullough et al., 1998)

LRSF was significantly negatively correlated with the following scales

CSRI 1 (Clergy Situational Restoration Inventory)

IER-EP (Intrinsic-Extrinsic Religiosity Scale Revised-Extrinsic Personal Subscale; Gorsuch & McPherson, 1989)

LRSR (Leadership Restoration Scale-Restore) was significantly positively correlated with the following scales

TRIM-A (Transgression Related InterpersonalMotivations- Avoidance; McCullough et al., 1998)

CRSI Level I offenses: Clergy Situational Restoration Inventory

CRSI Level 2 offenses: Clergy Situational Restoration Inventory

LRSR (Leadership Restoration Scale-Restore) was significantly negatively correlated with the SCBCS (Santa Clara Brief Compassion Scale, Hwang et al., 2008)

Availability

See Appendix B of Sutton and Jordan (2013) or

Click Here to Download Scales

 Permissions -- if identified

The scales may be used in research and teaching at no charge. Please cite Sutton & Jordan (2013). 

The scales may be modified to fit specific situations but kindly cite the Sutton & Jordan (2013) reference.

For use in books or any commercial use, contact Geoffrey W. Sutton PhD at suttong@evangel.edu

 Link to the related CSRI scales

 References

Berry, J. W., Worthington, E. R., O'Connor, L. E., Parrott, L., & Wade, N. G. (2005). Forgivingness, vengeful rumination, and affective traits. Journal of Personality, 73, 183–225. doi:10.1111/j.14676494.2004.00308.x.

Gorsuch, R. L., & McPherson, S. E. (1989). Intrinsic/extrinsic measurement: I/E-Revised and single item scales. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 28, 348–354. doi:10.2307/1386745.

Hwang, J., Plante, T., & Lackey, K. (2008). The development of the Santa Clara Brief Compassion Scale: an abbreviation of Sprecher and Fehr's compassionate love scale. Pastoral Psychology, 56, 421–428. doi:10.1007/s11089-008-0117-2.

McCullough, M. E., Rachal, K., Sandage, S. J., Worthington, E., Brown, S., & Hight, T. L. (1998). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships: II. Theoretical elaboration and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1586–1603. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.6.1586.

Sutton, G. W. (2016). A House Divided: Sexuality, morality, and Christian cultures. Eugene, OR: Pickwick. ISBN: 9781498224888 AMAZON

Sutton, G. W. & Jordan, K. (2013). Evaluating attitudes toward clergy restoration: The psychometric properties of two scales. Pastoral Psychology. doi 10.1007/s11089-013-0527-7 Published online 16 March 2013.  [Citation for these scales.]

Sutton, G. W., McLeland, K. C., Weaks, K. Cogswell, P. E., & Miphouvieng, R. N. (2007). Does gender matter? An exploration of gender, spirituality, forgiveness and restoration following pastor transgressions. Pastoral Psychology. 55, 645-663. doi 10.1007/ s11089-007-0072-3  ResearchGate Link        Academia Link

Sutton, G.W., & Thomas, E. K. (2005). Can derailed pastors be restored? Effects of offense and age on restoration. Pastoral Psychology, 53, 583-599.              Academia Link    Research Gate Link

Thomas, E. K., White, K., & Sutton, G.W. (2008). Religious leadership failure: Apology, responsibility-taking, gender, forgiveness, and restoration. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 27, 16-29.      Academia Link    Research Gate Link

 Resource for using scales in research:

Creating Surveys on AMAZON or GOOGLE

 

 

 

 

Reference for clinicians on understanding assessment

Applied Statistics Concepts for Counselors on AMAZON or GOOGLE

  

 

Resource Link:  A – Z Test Index

 Links to Connections

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Clergy Situational Restoration Inventory (CSRI)

 

Scale name: Clergy Situational Restoration Inventory (CSRI)

Scale overview

The Clergy Situational Restoration Inventory evaluates participants’ attitudes toward restoration based on participant responses to 10 transgression scenarios in which a pastor violated a common sociomoral expectation (Sutton et al. 2007; Sutton & Thomas 2004). The scale uses descriptive Likert-type ratings that range from one (no restoration to ministry) to seven (full restoration to the position previously held). The transgression scenarios include problems of substance abuse, infidelity, and embezzlement. Because of the range of common yet hypothetical scenarios, the developers expected the CSRI to assess a disposition to restore.

Author(s)

Sutton and Jordan (2013) with previous versions used in Sutton et al. (2007), Sutton & Thomas (2004, 2005).

Items

 10- items, which are short scenarios

Response Type

A 7-point rating scale with anchors 1 = No Restoration and 7 = Full restoration.

Subscales

Principal components analyses revealed two subscales identified as Level 1 and Level 2 where levels appear to represent perceived offense severity and level 2 items are more severe than level 1.

Level 2 consists of 4 of the 10 items: 3,6,8, and 10. All other items are Level 1.

Sample items

The full scale can be found in Sutton and Jordan (2013) or can be downloaded here- see availability below.

2. Pastor, age 43, admits to having a problem with alcohol during the past six months. Alcohol abuse has accounted for missed appointments and “sick days.” No prior abuse history is evident. Appears willing to participate in treatment. Spouse is supportive.

6. Pastor, age 38, admits to adultery lasting a year. Appears to be sincerely apologetic and willing to enter treatment. Spouse appears quite devastated but may consider reconciliation.

 Reliability

In a sample of 210, coefficient alpha values were .86 for Level 1 and .79 for level 2. The correlation between the two subscales = .64 in a sample of participants who actually knew a clergy offender (n = 169). See Sutton and Jordan (2013).

 Validity

CSRI Level 1 was significantly positively correlated with the following scales

LRSR (Leadership Restoration Scale-Restore)

LRSF (Leadership Restoration Scale-Forgive and Restore)

TFS (Trait Forgiveness Scale; Berry et al., 2005)

SCBS (Santa Clara Brief Compassion Scale; Hwang et al., 2008))

CSRI Level 1 was significantly negatively correlated with the following scales

TRIM-A (Transgression Related InterpersonalMotivations- Avoidance; McCullough et al., 1998)

IER-EP (Intrinsic-Extrinsic Religiosity Scale Revised-Extrinsic Personal Subscale; Gorsuch & McPherson, 1989)

CSRI Level 2 was significantly positively correlated with the following scales

LRSR (Leadership Restoration Scale-Restore)

IER-ES (Intrinsic-Extrinsic Religiosity Scale Revised-Extrinsic Social Subscale)

 

CSRI Level 2 was significantly negatively correlated with the following scale

TRIM-A

Availability

See Appendix A of Sutton and Jordan (2013) or

Click Here to Download Scale

 

Permissions -- if identified

This scale may be used in research and teaching at no charge. Please cite Sutton & Jordan (2013). For use in books or any commercial use, contact Geoffrey W. Sutton PhD at suttong@evangel.edu

Reference(s)

Berry, J. W., Worthington, E. R., O'Connor, L. E., Parrott, L., & Wade, N. G. (2005). Forgivingness, vengeful rumination, and affective traits. Journal of Personality, 73, 183–225. doi:10.1111/j.14676494.2004.00308.x.

Gorsuch, R. L., & McPherson, S. E. (1989). Intrinsic/extrinsic measurement: I/E-Revised and singleitem scales. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 28, 348–354. doi:10.2307/1386745.

Hwang, J., Plante, T., & Lackey, K. (2008). The development of the Santa Clara Brief Compassion Scale: an abbreviation of Sprecher and Fehr's compassionate love scale. Pastoral Psychology, 56, 421–428. doi:10.1007/s11089-008-0117-2.

McCullough, M. E., Rachal, K., Sandage, S. J., Worthington, E., Brown, S., & Hight, T. L. (1998). Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships: II. Theoretical elaboration and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 1586–1603. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.75.6.1586.

Sutton, G. W. (2016). A House Divided: Sexuality, morality, and Christian cultures. Eugene, OR: Pickwick. ISBN: 9781498224888 AMAZON

Sutton, G. W. & Jordan, K. (2013). Evaluating attitudes toward clergy restoration: The psychometric properties of two scales. Pastoral Psychology, 62, 859-871. doi 10.1007/s11089-013-0527-7     [Reference for the CSRI in this post]

Sutton, G. W., McLeland, K. C., Weaks, K. Cogswell, P. E., & Miphouvieng, R. N. (2007). Does gender matter? An exploration of gender, spirituality, forgiveness and restoration following pastor transgressions. Pastoral Psychology. 55, 645-663. doi 10.1007/ s11089-007-0072-3

Sutton, G.W., & Thomas, E. K. (2005). Can derailed pastors be restored? Effects of offense and age on restoration. Pastoral Psychology, 53, 583-599.              Academia Link    Research Gate Link

Thomas, E. K., White, K., & Sutton, G.W. (2008). Religious leadership failure: Apology, responsibility-taking, gender, forgiveness, and restoration. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 27, 16-29.      Academia Link    Research Gate Link

 

Resource for using scales in research:

Creating Surveys on AMAZON or GOOGLE

 

 Reference for clinicians on understanding assessment

Applied Statistics Concepts for Counselors on AMAZON or GOOGLE

 

 

 Resource Link:  A – Z Test Index

  

Links to Connections

Checkout My Website   www.suttong.com

  

See my Books

  AMAZON      

 

  GOOGLE STORE

 

FOLLOW me on

   FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton  

  

   TWITTER  @Geoff.W.Sutton

 

   PINTEREST  www.pinterest.com/GeoffWSutton

 

Read published articles:

 

  Academia   Geoff W Sutton   

 

  ResearchGate   Geoffrey W Sutton 

 Photo credit- Bing free to share and use

COMPASSION - How to Measure Compassion

SCALE NAME

Santa Clara Brief Compassion Scale (SCBCS)

The Santa Clara Brief Compassion Scale consists of five survey items describing compassion.

A group of researchers in the Psychology Department of Santa Clara University identified five statements that reflect compassion. Of course, people may disagree with the idea that five sentences describe the concept, compassion. Nevertheless, the researchers did consider 21 statements and found that a set of five captures most of what people considered to be the essential components of compassion in a 2005 study by other researchers.

The short scale is known as the Santa Clara Brief Compassion Scale (SCBCS;  Hwang, Plante, & Lackey, 2008). It was derived from the longer 21-item Compassionate Love Scale developed by Sprecher and Fehr (2005).

Although the scale has been used in Psychology of Religion research, the items do not limit users to compassion in a religious context.

Sample items

You can find the full scale at the Journal’s website. Following are two items from the scale.

Scoring

The Compassion Scale asks respondents to rate each item on a scale of 1 to 7, which yields a possible range of 5 to 35 points. In research with my colleagues Kayla Jordan and Ev Worthington (2014), we found Christians rated themselves at the high end with a mean of 28.69 (SD = 5.46). Measures of Skew (-1.10) and Kurtosis (1.26) were adequate for analyses but less than ideal.

Educators, researchers, and students may want to add a this brief compassion scale to their survey projects.

Creating Surveys Create better surveys for work and school Read FREE on Amazon Kindle Unlimited DOWNLOAD today AMAZON

 Reliability

Internal reliability (Cronbach’s alpha) values were reported as .96 for the longer version and .90 for the new five-item short version. Using the test-retest method, the authors reported values of .80 and .83.

In our 2014 study, we found alpha = .89.

Validity

Validity statistics support the value of the Compassion Scale as a reasonable indicator of the construct and useful for various surveys and other research projects.

For example, in our table of correlations, the total score on the Compassion Scale was significantly positively correlated with, yet distinct from forgiveness (.25), hope (.18), and intrinsic religiosity (.26). See the table of 11 measures for additional correlations (page 218 of Sutton, Jordan, & Worthington, 2014).

Organizational and Clinical Practice

Although the scale has been used in research, the items may also be useful to help clinicians think about the level of compassion in their clients. The scale may also be useful to leaders in social organizations. As can be seen, the language of the scale does not limit its usage to strictly religious studies.

Read more about Love as Compassion in Chapter 10 of  Living Well

Resource Link:  A – Z Test Index

References

Hwang, J., Plante, T., & Lackey, K. (2008). The development of the Santa Clara Brief Compassion Scale: An abbreviation of Sprecher and Fehr's Compassionate Love Scale. Pastoral Psychology, 56, 421-428. doi:10.1007/s11089-008-0117-2

Sprecher, S., & Fehr, B. (2005). Compassionate love for close others and humanity. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 22, 629–651.

Sutton, G. W., Jordan, K., & Worthington, E.L., Jr. (2014). Spirituality, hope, compassion, and forgiveness: Contributions of Pentecostal spirituality to godly love. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 33, 212-226. Academia Link     ResearchGate 
Photo credit: Edge images free to use.

Related Posts

How to measure love

How to ask people about forgiveness

How to measure hope

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