Christian Spiritual Surrender Scale (CSSS)

 

Assessment name:  Christian Spiritual Surrender Scale (CSSS)

Scale overview: The Christian Spiritual Surrender Scale (CSSS) is a 10-item self-report measure of spiritual surrender as a method of coping with adversity.

Authors: Laura Shannonhouse and others

Response Type: A rating scale using a five-point scale of agreement where 0 = strongly disagree to 4 = strongly agree

Sample Scale items

I actively chose to turn my suffering over to God because I knew God loved me.

2. I turned my troubles over to God while I actively tried to live out God’s plan.

 

Psychometric properties

Cronbach’s alpha value was strong at .93.

Content validity was supported by expert judgment.

Construct validity was supported by factor analysis indicating one factor.

The authors also reported correlations with other measures supporting convergent and divergent validity.

 

Availability:

Author contact listed: lshannonhouse@gsu.edu

The full set of 10 items is in the 2023 PsycTESTS reference below.

Reference for the scale

Shannonhouse, L., McMartin, J., Sacco, S. J., Lewis Hall, M. E., Park, C. L., Kim, D., Silverman, E., Kapic, K., & Aten, J. (2023). Christian Spiritual Surrender Scale. PsycTESTS. https://doi.org/10.1037/t87616-000

Shannonhouse, Laura, McMartin, Jason, Sacco, Shane J., Hall, M. Elizabeth Lewis, Park, Crystal L., Kim, Dahee, Silverman, Eric, Kapic, Kelly, & Aten, Jamie. (Jan 12, 2023). Spiritual surrender: Measurement of an emic Christian religious coping strategy. Spirituality in Clinical Practice, np. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/scp0000314

  

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Resource Link:  A – Z Test Index

 

 

NOTICE:

The information about scales and measures is provided for clinicians and researchers based on professional publications. The links to authors, materials, and references can change. You may be able to locate details by contacting the main author of the original article or another author on the article list.

 

Post Author

 

Geoffrey W. Sutton PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology who publishes book and articles about clinical and social psychology including the psychology of religion. Website:     www.suttong.com

  

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Divine Spiritual Struggles Scale

 

Assessment name:  Divine Spiritual Struggles Scale

Scale overview: The Divine Spiritual Struggles Scale measures the degree of distress experienced by adolescents in their relationship with God or a higher power. Scale data were obtained from a sample of adolescents who reported sexual abuse.

 

Authors: Ernest Jouriles and others (see scale reference)

 

 Response Type: Four items are rated on a 4-point scale of frequency related to feeling “punished, abandoned, and questioned God’s love” when they thought about sexual abuse in the preceding month.

0 = not at all

1 = somewhat

2 = quite a bit

3 = a great deal

Scale items

The four items in the scale can be found in the PsycTESTS reference below.

Psychometric properties

The scale was used in two studies (see Jouriles et al., 2020) with a combined n of 347 adolescents who had a mean age of 13.53 and 13.71, respectively. More than 90% were girls. Most of the girls identified as Christian.

Reliability and discriminant validity values were reported. Higher scores on the scale were significantly correlated with adjustment problems after adjusting for other included variables.

 

Availability:

The four items in the scale can be found in the PsycTESTS reference below.

 

Reference for the scale

Jouriles, E. N., Rancher, C., Mahoney, A., Kurth, C., Cook, K., & McDonald, R. (2020). Divine spiritual struggles and psychological adjustment among adolescents who have been sexually abused. Psychology of Violence, 10(3), 334–343. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000274 

Jouriles, E. N., Rancher, C., Mahoney, A., Kurth, C., Cook, K., & McDonald, R. (2020). Divine Spiritual Struggles Scale. PsycTESTS. https://doi.org/10.1037/t83716-000

Related Scales 

Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale

The Brief RCOPE scale (Religious Coping)

Reference for using scales in research:

Buy Creating Surveys on

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AMAZON

 

 

 

 

Reference for clinicians on understanding assessment

Buy Applied Statistics for Counselors

 

GOOGLE BOOKS

 

AMAZON

 

 

 

 

Resource Link:  A – Z Test Index

 

 

 

NOTICE:

The information about scales and measures is provided for clinicians and researchers based on professional publications. The links to authors, materials, and references can change. You may be able to locate details by contacting the main author of the original article or another author on the article list.

 

Post Author

 

Geoffrey W. Sutton PhD is Emeritus Professor of Psychology who publishes book and articles about clinical and social psychology including the psychology of religion. Website:     www.suttong.com

  

Books available on   AMAZON       and the   GOOGLE STORE

 

Connections

   FACEBOOK   Geoff W. Sutton  

  

   TWITTER  @Geoff.W.Sutton

 

   PINTEREST  www.pinterest.com/GeoffWSutton

 

Read many published articles and book samples on:

 

  Academia   Geoff W Sutton   

 

  ResearchGate   Geoffrey W Sutton 

 

 

 

 

Inventory of Complicated Spiritual Grief 2.0

 

Scale name:  Inventory of Complicated Spiritual Grief 2.0

Scale overview

The ICSG 2.0 is a 28-item scale. Participants are asked to think about their loss and respond to items to express their beliefs about their feelings.

The second version was published as ICSG 2.0 in 2019.

Authors: Laurie A. Burke and others (2014) - see reference below

For Version 2.0 See Burke et al., 2019 and Burke et al., 2021

Response Type

All items are rated on a 5-point Likert-type rating.

Subscales: The authors list items associated with three subscales:

1. Insecurity with God

2. Disruption in Religious Practice

3. Estrangement from Spiritual Community

Sample items 

 I’m confused as to why God would let this happen.

 People in my spiritual community don’t want me to express my grief much or at all.

 

Reliability and Validity

See the publications for details. Internal consistency is strong.

Experts and focus group participants provided evidence of content validity for this revised version. Convergent validity was supported by correlations with negative religious coping subscale of the Brief RCOPE and the Religious and Spiritual Struggles scale. Discriminant validity was supported by a significant inverse relationship with the positive religious coping subscale of the Brief RCOPE.

Availability

Version 1: See the Burke et al. 2014 PsycTESTS entry. The items are also in the Burke & Neimery 2016 article, Appendix

Version 2: See Burke et al. 2019

 SCOPES Domain = Self/ spirituality

Permissions -- if identified

Contact the publisher- Taylor and Francis

References

Burke, L. A., Crunk, A. E., Neimeyer, R. A., & Bai, H. (2021). Inventory of Complicated Spiritual Grief 2.0. PsycTESTS. https://doi.org/10.1037/t85088-000

Burke, L. A., Crunk, A.E., Neimeyer, R. A. Bai, H. (2019): Inventory of Complicated Spiritual Grief 2.0 (ICSG 2.0): Validation of a revised measure of spiritual distress in bereavement, Death Studies, DOI: 10.1080/07481187.2019.1627031

Burke, L. A., Neimeyer, R. A., Holland, J. M., Dennard, S., Oliver, L., & Shear, M. K. (2014). Inventory of Complicated Spiritual Grief. PsycTESTS. https://doi.org/10.1037/t46064-000

Burke, L. A., Neimeyer, R. A., Holland, J. M., Dennard, S., Oliver, L., & Shear, M. K. (2014). Inventory of complicated spiritual grief: Development and validation of a new measure. Death Studies, 38(4), 239-250. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2013.810098, © 2014 by Taylor & Francis

Reference for using scales in research:

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Reference for clinicians on understanding assessment

Applied Statistics Concepts for Counselors on AMAZON or GOOGLE

 

 

 

Resource Link:  A – Z Test Index

 

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Screening Questions for Spirituality in Counseling

 

Mental health professionals have recognized the importance of religion and spirituality to wellbeing. I have seen intake forms that ignore spirituality or ask only about a person’s religious identity or if they would like a visit from a chaplain or clergy during a hospitalization.

Clinicians can reasonably ask how to explore the importance of spirituality to treatment without being overly intrusive or disrespectful when a patient does not volunteer relevant information. David Hodge (2013) offers four screening questions based on his review of the literature (p. 98).

I offer a paraphrase of Hodge’s suggestions and suggest consulting his chapter, which I found in my university library (see reference below). Each question is tied to a one-word therapeutic purpose.

1. Importance

How important is spiritual or religious faith to you?

2. Affiliation

Do you attend religious services? Do you participate in any groups that would be considered religious or spiritual?

3. Resources

Are there any spiritual or religious beliefs or practices that you find helpful?

4. Relationship to psychotherapy goals

Have any of the concerns you mentioned affected you spirituality or had an influence on your faith?

The questions may be asked at any point in the psychotherapy process. Each question offers the potential for a more in-depth exploration of the patient’s faith as relevant to their psychotherapy goals.

I have posted a number of questionnaires and scales in this blog that may be helpful to further explore one or more dimensions of religious faith or spirituality. In clinical practice, it may not be important to administer an entire scale or questionnaire to obtain relevant information. Instead, clinicians might find a few items that help patient’s connect their faith to their therapeutic goals.

Read more about assessment in counseling and psychotherapy in Applied Statistics: Concepts for Counselors.

 

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Reference

Hodge, D.R. (2013). Assessing spirituality and religion in the context of counseling and psychotherapy. In K. I. Pargament (Ed.) APA Handbook of Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality: Vol. 2. An Applied Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, pp. 93-123. Washington, DC: APA.

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Religious Coping: The Brief RCOPE scale

The Brief RCOPE scale is a 14-item measure of religious coping developed and studied by Kenneth Pargament (e.g., 1997) and his colleagues. The scale is based on coping theory applied to religion and aims to help researchers understand one relationship between people and their religion when they experience a stressful life experience.

Research supports two dimensions of coping reflected in the RCOPE scale: positive and negative. These two dimensions are the basis for two subscales of the Brief RCOPE labelled accordingly as Positive Religious Coping Subscale (PRC) and Negative Religious Subscale (NRC).

Positive coping means drawing upon spiritual resources in a way that helps people cope with stressful events. Such people may have a secure relationship with God or a higher power, hold a benevolent worldview, and have positive relationships with religious others.

Negative religious coping indicates intrapersonal religious or spiritual struggles. The conflict may be experienced as personal tension, conflicts with God, or religious others.

Five Dimensions of Religious Coping

The coping scales address five dimensions of religious coping, which Pargament et al. (2011, p. 56) phrase in goal language using the phrase “Religious methods of coping to…” followed by a specific dimension as follows:

            1. find meaning

            2. gain control

            3. gain comfort and closeness to God

            4. gain intimacy with others and closeness to God

            5. achieve a life transformation

The Brief version of the RCOPE has 14-items and is the most commonly used measure of religious coping.

Researchers have used the Brief RCOPE with people from different ethnic groups and religious groups. Most studies in a 2011 review were based on US samples (Pargament, Feuille, & Brudzy).

Psychometric findings

Reliability: The median alpha values for the scores from the two subscales based on thousands of participants (Pargament et al., 2011) were: PRC = .92 and NRC = .81.

The relationship between the two scales is orthogonal based on most factor analyses but there are some low association values in some studies.

Validity: Several studies support the conclusion that the RCOPE usually produces adequate validity values in relationship to measures of spirituality such as wellbeing and post-traumatic growth.

2011

Sapp (2011) studied religious coping and depression in a Christian university sample. Findings:

   > The Brief RCOPE- Negative Scale had a positive significant correlation with Beck Depression Inventory scores, r = .37.

   > The Brief RCOPE had a significant negative correlation with the Spiritual Well-Being Scale r = -.35.

2021

Findings from Stanford et al. (2021). Stanford et al. (2021) studied the Brief RCOPE and other variables in a mostly Christian (71%) sample of 1,048 participants. 

God Image. They found a judgmental God image was significantly related to negative religious coping (NRC, .31) and an engaged God image was significantly related to positive religious coping (PRC, .70). God images were assessed using the 15-item God Questionnaire (Froese & Bader, 2010).

Religious Involvement. Stanford et al. (2021) reported the relationship between the Brief RCOPE scales and three measures of religiosity from the DUREL(Duke University Religion Index): organized (ORA) and nonorganized religious activities (NORA), and intrinsic religiosity (IR). Following are the correlations. Those that are statistically significant (p < .01) are in bold. As can be seen, there is a strong relationship between positive religious coping and religious involvement.

  Positive coping and religious involvement: ORA = .58, NORA = .62, IR .79

  Negative coping and religious involvement: ORA = .09, NORA = .03, IR .14

 

Emotion and Mood variables. 

Correlations indicated positive coping was moderately associated with positive affect (.29) and negative coping with negative affect (.42) (Stanford et al., 2021) using the Positive and Negative Affect scales (PANAS; Watson et al., (1988). The same team also examined the Brief RCOPE with mental health symptoms using the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale 21 (DASS-21; Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995). Negative coping was also linked to stress (39), anxiety (.40), and depression (.41). There was a weak, albeit statistically significant relationship between positive religious coping and anxiety (.16) but not for either stress or depression.

2022

Verhoeff-Korpershoek and her colleagues (2022) studied religious coping in a sample of Christian outpatients who experienced anxiety or depression. They used an 11-item Dutch language version of the Brief RCOPE, which had alpha values of positive = .74 and negative = .71. The results indicated a statistically significant correlation between negative religious coping and lower wellbeing.

To see the relationship between the Brief RCOPE and the RSS (Religious and Spiritual Struggles) measures, see Wilt et al. (2022).

RCOPE Scale Items

The items for the RCOPE and the Brief RCOPE can be found in a downloadable pdf available 12 January 2020 ( I cannot guarantee the link will always be operative.)

https://www.bgsu.edu/content/dam/BGSU/college-of-arts-and-sciences/psychology/psy-spirit-fam-mahoney/RCOPE.pdf 

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Related Posts

Religious Spiritual Coping- Positive and Negative

Spiritual Struggles Scale (Exline et al.)

Divine Spiritual Struggles Scale

Cite This Blog Post

Sutton, G.W. (2020, January 12). Religious Coping: The Brief RCOPE scale. Assessment, Statistics, & Research. https://statistics.suttong.com/ 2020/01/religious-coping-brief-rcope-scale.html

Resource Link to more tests and questionnaires:  A – Z Test Index

Religious Coping References

Pargament, K. I. (1997). The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research, practice. New York: Guilford Press. Available used and new on AMAZON

Pargament, K., Feuille, M., & Burdzy, D. (2011). The brief RCOPE: Current psychometric status of a short measure of religious coping. Religions, 2 (1), 51-76. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel2010051

Sapp, J. F. (2011). Exploring the relationships between spiritual well-being, religious distress, and depression among freshmen in a Christian university [ProQuest Information & Learning]. In Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering (Vol. 72, Issue 4–B, p. 2446).

Stanford, M. S., Oxhandler, H. K., & Ellor, J. W. (2021). Assessing the usefulness of the God Questionnaire. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 13(1), 46–52. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000292

Verhoeff-Korpershoek, A., Le Comte-van der Burg, M., Vrijmoeth, C., & Schaap-Jonker, H. (2022). A quasi-experimental study of an adjunctive, online psychoeducational module on religious coping for Christian outpatients with depression or anxiety. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000457

Wilt, J. A., Exline, J. J., & Pargament, K. I. (2022). Coping with religious and spiritual struggles: Religious and secular techniques. Spirituality in Clinical Practice. https://doi.org/10.1037/scp0000289.supp (Supplemental)

Books by Kenneth I. Pargament

See the reference section in the above references for extensive references to the RCOPE in research.

Connections

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Publications (many free downloads)

 

Academia   Geoff W Sutton   (PhD)     

  ResearchGate   Geoffrey W Sutton   (PhD)

Applied Statistics Concepts for Counselors on AMAZON or GOOGLE

 

A related book

Working with Spiritual Struggles in Psychotherapy

        by Pargament and Exline

Spiritually Integrated Psychotherapy

 by Kenneth Pargament

  on       AMAZON