Assessment, Statistics, and Research

  Data . In behavioral research, the data are usually scores on scales or tests. But data may also be text in qualitative studies. Data is the plural of datum and takes a plural verb (e.g., data are).   Datum . A single unit of information, one response on a test or questionnaire. Creating Surveys on AMAZON    or   GOOGLE  Worldwide Links to Connections Checkout My Website     www.suttong.com    See my Books    AMAZON             GOOGLE STORE   FOLLOW me on    FACEBOOK     Geoff W. Sutton          TWITTER    @Geoff.W.Sutton      PINTEREST    www.pinterest.com/GeoffWSutton   Read published articles:     Academia    Geoff W Sutton         ResearchGate    Geoffrey W Sutton  

  Covariate . A variable that is correlated with a dependent variable in a research study. When a covariate is identified and measured, the value of the dependent variable can be adjusted for the contribution of the covariate during data analysis. Example: If researchers collect information on the variable age in a study about forgiveness and if age is related to forgiveness, then age can be treated as a covariate to identify how people scored on a forgiveness survey after the scores have been adjusted for age. The word adjusted is a key word to look for in reading research that includes a covariate. Procedures that include covariates are ANCOVA and MANCOVA . Cite this post. Sutton, G. W. (2021, January 14). Covariate. Statistics .  https://statistics.suttong.com/2021/01/covariate.html Please subscribe to this blog for updated statistics and measures. Applied Statistics Concepts for Counselors on  AMAZON  or  GOOGLE Creating Surveys on AMAZON    ...

  MANCOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Covariance). A statistical procedure for analyzing results when there are one or more independent variables , two or more dependent variables , and one or more covariates . Basic components of MANCOVA Independent or grouping Variable = 1 or more Dependent or criterion Variable = 2 or more Covariates = 1 or more Overall tests are used to determine significant effects or differences among the grouping variables. An F test indicates significance overall and for specific effects or relationships. A commonly reported measure of effect size is eta squared. A p value reveals the probability of a significant relationship-- one that is not due to chance factors. Applied Statistics Concepts for Counselors on  AMAZON  or  GOOGLE Creating Surveys on AMAZON    or   GOOGLE  Worldwide Links to Connections   Checkout My Website     www.suttong.com    See my Books      AMA...

The Narcissistic Personality Inventory - 13 (NPI-13) was developed by Gentile et al. (2013). It is a shortened version of the 40-item NPI. The authors describe trait narcissism as a trait on a continuum with features of "a grandiose sense of self, feelings of entitlement, and a dominant and antagonistic interpersonal style (p. 1120)." Scale and subscales The NPI-13 has three subscales (Cronbach  alpha values in parentheses): Leadership/authority (.66) Grandiose Exhibitionism (.65) Entitlement/ exploitativeness (.51) Total Scale alpha = .73. Psychometric Properties In general, the three NPI scales were significantly positively correlated with grandiose scales from the PNI and NGS, psychological entitlement, and both self-report and interview-based symptom of NPD. All three were also positively related to self-esteem scores," (Gentile et al., 2013, p. 1124). The authors also found positive correlations between the NPI scales and DSM-IV-TR personality disorders of...

  ANCOVA ANCOVA is a procedure like ANOVA except researchers can study the effects of one or more independent variables on a dependent variable after adjusting for other variables, called covariates , which were not a primary focus of the study. The letter C in ANCOVA stands for covariate . There can be several covariates in a study. In testing for differences among groups experiencing different leadership styles, we could study the effects on employee satisfaction after adjusting for a covariate of years of employment. A key word in ANCOVA studies is adjusting . Analysts adjust the scores based on information about the covariate before testing for significant differences. Basic features of an ANCOVA: Independent or grouping Variable = 1 or more Dependent or criterion Variable = 1 Covariates = 1 or more An  F  test indicates significance overall and for specific effects or relationships. A commonly reported measure of effect size is eta squared. A  p  valu...

There are several types of ANOVA procedures. The term ANOVA refers to Analysis of Variance . Variance is a statistical term we will review later. Variance refers to differences, so the ANOVA procedures examine differences in scores among groups of people who complete a survey, a test, or produce a scorable response. For example, an ANOVA can be used to assess the effects of three temperatures on math. The Independent Variable is temperature varies three ways (75, 85, 95 degrees F). The dependent variable is math. The dependent measure of math is a math test. When there is only one independent variable (IV), the ANOVA is called a one-way ANOVA. If there are two IVs the ANOVA is a two-way ANOVA, and so forth. It is rare to go beyond a four-way because the interpretation of interactions is complicated. The ANOVA procedure is usually reported with an F value. The larger the F value, the more likely it is that the differences the researchers found are not due to chance. There may be s...