Assessment, Statistics, and Research

Lifespan is not the same concept as life expectancy. Lifespan is the maximum period of time a species lives. The human lifespan is measured in years. As of 2020, the documented human lifespan is 122 years ( see also lifespan concept in psychological science). Life expectancy is the average period of time a member of a population with certain characteristics lives. Human life expectancy, measured in years, varies by sex and environment. Human life expectancy varies by the age group. For example, life expectancy of people at birth will be different from a group of people who are alive at age 70. United Nations data are reported by sex and country. Overall, there has been an increase in human life expectancy on a worldwide basis between 1950 (47.0 years) and 2020 (73.2 years;  worldometers ). I have rounded the numbers which were reported up to two decimal places. Examples of recent life expectancy data for wealthy nations reveal marked differences compared to other nations. Da

This creative time and data chart helps readers understand the details that explain why a broad concept does not always make sense. Official government reports tell us price inflation is low, but our experience tells us so many things cost so much more like health insurance and medical expenses. And compared to retired folks, working people earn so much more than retirees used to earn for the same job. (See  Marketwatch Story for the chart and related data) . I think this type of chart would be useful when dimensions of a metaconcept change over time. For example, the process from an offense to forgiveness has multiple dimensions of change like avoidance and thoughts of revenge. If multiple measures are taken at different time points, they may be plotted over months or years to demonstrate increases and decreases. In fact, the idea of the "cost" of forgiveness might be worthy of consideration. After all, the Christian concept of forgiveness is analogous

Scale Name: Group Forgiveness Scale (GFS) The Group Forgiveness Scale (GFS) was developed to measure forgiveness of identity-related offenses. Research supports three factors for the 17 items: Avoidance, Revenge, Decision to Forgive. In the article describing its development, the authors focused on problems of race relations in the United States (see Davis et al., 2015, below). The GFS is an adaptation of the Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Scale (TRIM). According to the 2015 article by Don Davis and his research team, 17-items resulted in factor loadings on three distinct subscales: Avoidance, Revenge, and Decision to Forgive. Sample items for each factor are as follows: Avoidance             I am avoiding them. Revenge             I am going to get even. Decision to Forgive             I have decided to forgive them. Reliability Data Reliability values were strong as measured by Cronbach’s alpha (Study 3: Avoidance .96; Revenge .9