Assessment, Statistics, and Research

 The Range is the difference between the highest and lowest values in a set of data. In this post:   The Range   The Interquartile Range   Semi Interquartile Range    Max and Min Values Cite this post Sutton, G. W. (2026, August 6). Range in statistics. Assessment, Statistics, and Research . https://statistics.suttong.com/2026/08/range-in-statistics.html In statistics, the Range is represented by the letter "R", the highest value is the Maximum abbreviated as Max and the smallest value is the Minimum abbreviated as Min. To calculate the range, subtract Min from Max. R = Max - Min Example: Rating Scale Data Set: 2,3,4,5,7 R = 7 - 2. R = 5 Using the Range The range is used in conjunction with the median (Mdn), Max and Min to describe basic characteristics of a set of values. The range is a rough index of the spread of values in a data set. Statisticians refer to the spread as dispersion thus, the range is a measure of dispersion. The Median and the Range...

Sacred Places, 2026 Assessment name: Santa Clara Sacredness Scale Scale overview: The Santa Clara Sacredness Scale, developed by Plante and Gustavel (2026), is a concise, publicly available questionnaire designed to evaluate an individual's perception of sacredness. This 10-item scale demonstrates satisfactory psychometric properties, such as an alpha coefficient of .81 (Sutton, 2026, May 13). Cite this Post Sutton, G. W. (2026, May 13). Santa Clara Sacredness Scale-Overview.  Assessment, Statistics, and Research.  https://statistics.suttong.com/2026/05/santa-clara-sacredness-scale.html Authors: Thomas Plante and Isabella Gustavel Response Type:  Items are evaluated using a 4-point Likert scale. Participants indicate their level of agreement by selecting a response from 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree). Scale items (Examples) ___ 1. I believe that God/the divine/the sacred is present within everyone. ___ 2. I see the sacred or divine in others, even if I ...

Assessment name: Alternative Workplace Bullying Scale  Scale overview:  This 21-item Alternative Workplace Bullying Scale (AWBPS) measures work-related and person-related bullying. It shows promise based on the item content and psychometric properties (Sutton, 2025, November 21). Cite this Post Sutton, G. W. (Sutton, 2025, November 21). Alternative Workplace Bullying Scale.  Assessment, Statistics, and Research.  https://statistics.suttong.com/2025/11/alternative-workplace-bullying-scale.html Read more about bullying in the workplace. Authors:  Ambreen Anjum, Amina Muazzam, Farkhanda Manzoor, Anna Visvizi, Gary Pollock, and Raheel Nawaz Response Type:  Five-point frequency of occurrence rating scale:  1 = Never  2 = Rarely  3 = Monthly  4 = Weekly  5 = Daily Scale items (Examples) Translated into English   Undervaluing your work   Verbal and non-verbal threats   Neglect of your opinions or views Psychometric propertie...

Measuring Bullying in the Workplace Assessment name: Short Negative Acts Questionnaire (SNAQ) Scale overview: The Short Negative Acts Questionnaire (SNAQ) is a 9-item self-report rating scale derived from the 22-item Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised (NAQ-R) to assess bullying in the workplace (Notelaers et al., 2018). The SNAQ contains items for each of the three types of bullying (person-oriented, work-related, and social exclusion), which are rated on a 4-point frequency scale: never, occasionally, monthly, weekly or more often (Sutton, 2025, November 19). Cite this post: Sutton, G. W. (2025, November 19). Short Negative Acts Questionnaire (SNAQ): Measuring bullying at work. Assessment, Statistics, and Research. https://statistics.suttong.com/2025/11/short-negative-acts-questionnaire-snaq.html Read more about bullying:   Bullying: Understanding the Psychology of Harm Authors: Guy Notelaers, Beatrice Van der Heijden, Helge Hoel &Ståle Einarsen Response Type: The SNAQ ...

Understanding Degrees of Freedom (df) Degrees of freedom (df) is a statistical idea that tells us how many values in a dataset are free to vary once certain calculations—like a mean—are already set. Think of it as the number of independent pieces of information you actually have when you’re trying to estimate something about a larger population (Sutton, 2020). Reference: Sutton, G. W. (2020). Applied statistics: Concepts for counselors (2nd ed.). Sunflower. ***** A Psychology Example: Measuring Change After an Intervention Imagine a psychologist wants to know whether a new therapeutic intervention boosts self‑esteem. They measure self‑esteem for 10 participants before the intervention and again afterward. To analyze the results, they use a dependent samples t‑test (paired samples t‑test). This test compares two related sets of scores—like “before” and “after” scores from the same people. For this test, degrees of freedom are:  df = n - 1 With 10 participants:   df = ...