Degrees of freedom (df) is a statistical concept representing the number of independent values that are "free to vary" in a data set when estimating a population parameter from a sample. In simpler terms, it's about how many pieces of information in a dataset can be chosen independently, given that some constraints or calculations are already in place. An example from psychology Imagine a psychologist is conducting a study to see if a new therapeutic intervention improves self-esteem. They recruit a sample of 10 participants and measure their self-esteem before the intervention and after the intervention. To analyze the data, the researcher might use a statistical test like a dependent samples t-test (also called a paired samples t-test), which compares the means of two related groups (in this case, the same participants before and after the intervention). In a dependent samples t-test, the degrees of freedom are calculated as the number of pairs of observations (or th...
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