Assessment, Statistics, and Research

In psychological statistics, the mode refers to the value that appears most frequently in a data set. It's a measure of central tendency, like the mean and median, but it highlights the most common value(s) instead. Examples: Suppose you have a data set representing the number of hours students study per week: 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 3, 2. In this case, the mode is 3 because it appears more frequently than any other value. Let's say you're analyzing survey responses on a Likert scale where participants rate their satisfaction from 1 to 5: 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5. Here, the mode is 4, as it is the most common response. Mode, Median, and Mean The mode, median, and mean are all measures of central tendency, but each one provides different insights into a data set: Mode : The value that appears most frequently in a data set. It highlights the most common observation. For example, in the data set 2 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 4 , 4 , 5      the mode is 4. Median : The middle value in a data set when ...

Prayers 2025 Geoffrey W Sutton & Artspace.ai Assessment name: Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale- 5-Item (RSS-5) Scale overview: The five-item version of the Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale (RSS-5) is a reliable measure of clinically relevant struggles (divine, interpersonal, moral, doubt, ultimate meaning struggles) in mental health care settings.   Authors: Sarah G. Salcone, Julie J. Exline, Kenneth I. Pargament, Joseph M. Currier, Ryon C. McDermott, Don E. Davis, Amanda M. Raines, Yejin Lee· Cite this post Sutton, G.W. (2025). Religious and Spiritual Struggles Scale- 5-Item (RSS-5). Assessment, Statistics, and Research .  https://statistics.suttong.com/2025/03/religious-and-spiritual-struggles-scale.html Response Type: Participants rated each item on a scale of occurrence from 1 = Not at all to 5 = A great deal.  Scale items: There are five items–one from each of the five subscales of the long RSS scale.    Example Questioned whe...

Counseling 2025 by Geoffrey W Sutton and artspace.ai Assessment name: Cultural Humility Scale Short Form Scale overview: The Cultural Humility Scale Short Form (CHS-SF) has two 3-item subscales (positive/negative cultural humility) developed for clinical practice. In two studies, the authors provided evidence for strong internal consistency, supportive construct and discriminant validity. Authors : Coleman, J. J., Grajzel, K., Dong, Y., Davis, D. E., DeBlaere, C., Hook, J. N., & Owen, J. Response Type: Participants rate the Cultural Humility Scale Short Form on a five-point scale of agreement from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Scale items:    There are three positive and three negative items.     The instructions read:    [Regarding the core aspect(s) of my cultural background, my counselor…]    A positive item: Is considerate    A negative item: Makes assumptions about me. Psychometric properties: See the included tables...