Assessment, Statistics, and Research

  Categorical variables are those variables having two or more groups or levels such as sex, ethnicity, and religious group.  They may be called independent variables even though they are not true independent variables under experimental control. Categorical variables, also called grouping variables,  can be created from continuous variables . For example, researchers often obtain the age of their study participants. Age is a continuous variable but sometimes, researchers group ages together and compare how people of different age groups answer questions on a survey. Learn More in Creating Surveys on  AMAZON  or  GOOGLE Please check out my website     www.suttong.com    and see my books on    AMAZON         or   GOOGLE STORE Also, consider connecting with me on     FACEBOOK     Geoff W. Sutton         TWITTER    @Geoff.W.Sutton     You can read many published articles at no charge:   Academia    Geoff W Sutton       ResearchGate    Geoffrey W Sutton  

  In research, alpha is  the probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis.  In testing, alpha also refers to a measure of internal consistency—see Cronbach’s coefficient alpha. Alpha waves are brain waves that can be measured on an electroencephalogram (EEG). Alpha waves are associated with daydreaming, meditating, and mindfulness. Applied Statistics Concepts for Counselors on    AMAZON  or   GOOGLE Please check out my website     www.suttong.com    and see my books on    AMAZON        or  GOOGLE STORE Also, consider connecting with me on    FACEBOOK     Geoff W. Sutton         TWITTER    @Geoff.W.Sutton     You can read many published articles at no charge:   Academia    Geoff W Sutton      ResearchGate    Geoffrey W Sutton   Please check out my website     www.suttong.com    and see my books on    AMAZON        or  GOOGLE STORE Also, consider connecting with me on    FACEBOOK     Geoff W. Sutton         TWITTER    @Geoff.W.Sutton     You can read many published artic

 Kurtosis is a statistical concept. The value indicates whether a distribution is similar to the normal curve or different from the normal curve. Compared to the normal curve, kurtotic distributions of data appear either peaked in the middle or flat. In a normal distribution, the value of kurtosis = 0. The peaked distribution has a positive value. It's called leptokurtic (think leap). The flatter distribution has a negative value. It's called platykurtic (think of the animal, Platypus). There are different formulas for calculating kurtosis. In Excel, the function for kurtosis can be found under Formulas, More Functions. In the drop down list, choose KURT. Please check out my website     www.suttong.com    and see my books on    AMAZON         or   GOOGLE STORE Also, consider connecting with me on     FACEBOOK     Geoff W. Sutton         TWITTER    @Geoff.W.Sutton     You can read many published articles at no charge:   Academia    Geoff W Sutton       ResearchGate