Assessment, Statistics, and Research

Measuring Bullying in the Workplace Assessment name: Short Negative Acts Questionnaire (SNAQ) Scale overview: The Short Negative Acts Questionnaire (SNAQ) is a 9-item self-report rating scale derived from the 22-item Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised (NAQ-R) to assess bullying in the workplace (Notelaers et al., 2018). The SNAQ contains items for each of the three types of bullying (person-oriented, work-related, and social exclusion), which are rated on a 4-point frequency scale: never, occasionally, monthly, weekly or more often (Sutton, 2025, November 19). Cite this post: Sutton, G. W. (2025, November 19). Short Negative Acts Questionnaire (SNAQ): Measuring bullying at work. Assessment, Statistics, and Research. https://statistics.suttong.com/2025/11/short-negative-acts-questionnaire-snaq.html Read more about bullying:   Bullying: Understanding the Psychology of Harm Authors: Guy Notelaers, Beatrice Van der Heijden, Helge Hoel &Ståle Einarsen Response Type: The SNAQ ...

Degrees of freedom (df) is a statistical concept representing the number of independent values that are "free to vary" in a data set when estimating a population parameter from a sample. In simpler terms, it's about how many pieces of information in a dataset can be chosen independently, given that some constraints or calculations are already in place (Sutton,  2020). Sutton, G. W. (2020). Applied statistics: Concepts for counselors, second edition. Sunflower.  An example from psychology Imagine a psychologist is conducting a study to see if a new therapeutic intervention improves self-esteem. They recruit a sample of 10 participants and measure their self-esteem before the intervention and after the intervention.  To analyze the data, the researcher might use a statistical test like a dependent samples t-test (also called a paired samples t-test), which compares the means of two related groups (in this case, the same participants before and after the intervention)....

AI image Suttong.com 2025 Scale overview: The Spiritual Abuse Questionnaire-Short Form is a 4-item self-report instrument developed by Griffin and her colleagues (2025). Participants rate each item on a 4-point scale of agreement.  The SAQ‑SF is a short, psychometrically sound measure for identifying potential experiences of spiritual abuse. It shows strong internal consistency, moderate short‑term stability, and distinctiveness from general mental health or religiosity measures (Sutton, 2025, July 27). Cite Post Sutton, G. W. (2025, July 27). Spiritual Abuse Questionnaire-Short Form by Griffin et al. Assessment, Statistics, and Research. 2025.  https://statistics.suttong.com/2025/07/spiritual-abuse-questionnaire-short-form.html [ Read more about Spiritual or Religious Abuse.] Sponsor. Reference for using scales in research: Buy Creating Surveys on GOOGLE BOOKS   AMAZON         ___________________ Authors : Kaelyn R. Griffin and others (2025) – ...

Assessment name: Utrecht Gender Dysphoria Scale-Gender Spectrum (UGDS-GS) Scale overview: The revised UGDS-GS is an 18-item instrument using gender-neutral language. Researchers can use this updated measure with a person of any gender identity and expression. Authors : Jenifer K. McGuire and others. See McGuire et al. (2020) below. Response Type: Five-point rating scale of agreement. Scale items-Examples 1. I prefer to behave like my affirmed gender. 2. Every time someone treats me like my assigned sex I fell hurt. Psychometric properties The UGDS-GS was evaluated in three gender groups: cisgender, binary transgender, and nonbinary/genderqueer. The results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis are included in the article indicating that the current 18-item scale is better than an earlier version. Item means and SDs are in Table 2. Availability : See Table 1 of McGuire et al. (2020) for a list of the 18 items. Author contact: jmcguire@umn.edu References for the scale 1. Mc...